CSS - O'Reilly - Cascading Style Sheets The Definitive Guide, programowanie, tworzenie www
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide
by Eric A. Meyer
ISBN 1-56592-622-6
First edition, published May 2000.
(See the
for this book.)
Searchthe text of
Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide
.
Table of Contents
O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.
file:///G|/css/index.htm [2/6/2002 10:37:57 ]
(Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide)
Copyright © 2000 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly &
Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark
claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. The association between the image of a koala and the
topic of HTML and XHTML is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors
or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
Table of Contents
0. Preface
O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.
file:///G|/css/copyrght.htm [2/6/2002 10:38:03 ]
Preface (Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide)
Preface
The subject of this book is, as you might have guessed by the cover, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). There are two
"levels" to CSS; these are referred to as CSS1 and CSS2. The difference between the two is that CSS2 is all of CSS1, plus
a lot more. This book attempts to cover all of CSS1, and CSS positioning, which is a part of CSS2. The rest of CSS2 is
excluded because, at the time of this writing, nobody had implemented most of it. Rather than cover a lot of theoretical
territory, we chose to stick to what was currently usable.
If you are a web designer or document author interested in sophisticated page styling, improved accessibility, and saving
time and effort, then this book is for you. All you really need before starting the book is a decent knowledge of HTML
4.0. The better you know HTML, of course, the better prepared you'll be. You will need to know very little else in order
to follow this book.
It is important to remember something about web standards and books: the former are continually evolving, while the
latter are frozen in time (until the next edition comes out, anyway). In the case of HTML and CSS, there are a great many
changes afoot even as these words are being written. The recent formalization of XHTML 1.0 as a full W3C
Recommendation, for example, is a major milestone in the evolution of the World Wide Web. There are likely to be even
more levels to CSS, further extending the ability to style documents; major web browsers are approaching full CSS1
support, and robust CSS2 implementations can be seen lurking on the horizon. This is an exciting time to be a designer,
and learning CSS now will give you a leg up on the future.
0.1. Typographical Conventions
The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Constant
width
is used to indicate code examples, HTML tags and CSS elements.
Constant
width
italic
is used for replaceables that appear in text.
Italic
is used to introduce new terms and to indicate URLs, filenames, and pathnames.
TIP
file:///G|/css/ch00_01.htm (1 of 2) [2/6/2002 10:38:07 ]
Preface (Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide)
indicates a note or tip relating to the nearby text.
WARNING
indicates a warning.
Copyright Page
0.2. Property Conventions
O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.
file:///G|/css/ch00_01.htm (2 of 2) [2/6/2002 10:38:07 ]
HTML and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide)
Chapter 1. HTML and CSS
Contents:
In many ways, the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) specification represents a unique development in the history of the
World Wide Web. In its inherent ability to allow richly styled structural documents, CSS is both a step forward and a step
backward -- but it's a good step backward, and a needed one. To see what is meant by this, it is first necessary to
understand how the Web got to the point of desperately needing something like CSS, and how CSS makes the web a
better place for both page authors and web surfers.
1.1. The Web's Fall from Grace
Back in the dimly remembered early years of the Web (1990 -1993), HTML was a fairly lean little language. It was
almost entirely composed of structural elements that were useful for describing things like paragraphs, hyperlinks, lists,
and headings. It had nothing even remotely approaching tables, frames, or the complex markup we assume is a necessary
part of creating web pages. The general idea was that HTML would be a structural markup language, used to describe the
various parts of a document. There was very little said about how these parts should be displayed. The language wasn't
concerned with appearance. It was just a clean little markup scheme.
Then came Mosaic.
Suddenly, the power of the World Wide Web was obvious to almost anyone who spent more than ten minutes playing
with it. Jumping from one document to another was no harder than pointing the mouse cursor at a specially colored bit of
text, or even an image, and clicking the mouse button. Even better, text and images could be displayed together, and all
you needed to create a page was a plain text editor. It was free, it was open, and it was cool.
Web sites began to spring up everywhere. There were personal journals, university sites, corporate sites, and more. As
number of sites increased, so did the demand for new HTML tags that would allow one effect or another. Authors started
demanding that they be able to make text boldfaced, or italicized.
At the time, HTML wasn't equipped to handle these sorts of desires. You could declare a bit of text to be emphasized, but
that wasn't necessarily the same as being italicized -- it could be boldfaced instead, or even normal text with a different
file:///G|/css/ch01_01.htm (1 of 3) [2/6/2002 10:38:11 ]
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
zanotowane.pl doc.pisz.pl pdf.pisz.pl lemansa.htw.pl
Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide
by Eric A. Meyer
ISBN 1-56592-622-6
First edition, published May 2000.
(See the
for this book.)
Searchthe text of
Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide
.
Table of Contents
O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.
file:///G|/css/index.htm [2/6/2002 10:37:57 ]
(Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide)
Copyright © 2000 O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
Nutshell Handbook, the Nutshell Handbook logo, and the O'Reilly logo are registered trademarks of O'Reilly &
Associates, Inc. Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and O'Reilly & Associates, Inc. was aware of a trademark
claim, the designations have been printed in caps or initial caps. The association between the image of a koala and the
topic of HTML and XHTML is a trademark of O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no responsibility for errors
or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
Table of Contents
0. Preface
O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.
file:///G|/css/copyrght.htm [2/6/2002 10:38:03 ]
Preface (Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide)
Preface
The subject of this book is, as you might have guessed by the cover, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). There are two
"levels" to CSS; these are referred to as CSS1 and CSS2. The difference between the two is that CSS2 is all of CSS1, plus
a lot more. This book attempts to cover all of CSS1, and CSS positioning, which is a part of CSS2. The rest of CSS2 is
excluded because, at the time of this writing, nobody had implemented most of it. Rather than cover a lot of theoretical
territory, we chose to stick to what was currently usable.
If you are a web designer or document author interested in sophisticated page styling, improved accessibility, and saving
time and effort, then this book is for you. All you really need before starting the book is a decent knowledge of HTML
4.0. The better you know HTML, of course, the better prepared you'll be. You will need to know very little else in order
to follow this book.
It is important to remember something about web standards and books: the former are continually evolving, while the
latter are frozen in time (until the next edition comes out, anyway). In the case of HTML and CSS, there are a great many
changes afoot even as these words are being written. The recent formalization of XHTML 1.0 as a full W3C
Recommendation, for example, is a major milestone in the evolution of the World Wide Web. There are likely to be even
more levels to CSS, further extending the ability to style documents; major web browsers are approaching full CSS1
support, and robust CSS2 implementations can be seen lurking on the horizon. This is an exciting time to be a designer,
and learning CSS now will give you a leg up on the future.
0.1. Typographical Conventions
The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Constant
width
is used to indicate code examples, HTML tags and CSS elements.
Constant
width
italic
is used for replaceables that appear in text.
Italic
is used to introduce new terms and to indicate URLs, filenames, and pathnames.
TIP
file:///G|/css/ch00_01.htm (1 of 2) [2/6/2002 10:38:07 ]
Preface (Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide)
indicates a note or tip relating to the nearby text.
WARNING
indicates a warning.
Copyright Page
0.2. Property Conventions
O'Reilly & Associates. All rights reserved.
file:///G|/css/ch00_01.htm (2 of 2) [2/6/2002 10:38:07 ]
HTML and CSS (Cascading Style Sheets: The Definitive Guide)
Chapter 1. HTML and CSS
Contents:
In many ways, the Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) specification represents a unique development in the history of the
World Wide Web. In its inherent ability to allow richly styled structural documents, CSS is both a step forward and a step
backward -- but it's a good step backward, and a needed one. To see what is meant by this, it is first necessary to
understand how the Web got to the point of desperately needing something like CSS, and how CSS makes the web a
better place for both page authors and web surfers.
1.1. The Web's Fall from Grace
Back in the dimly remembered early years of the Web (1990 -1993), HTML was a fairly lean little language. It was
almost entirely composed of structural elements that were useful for describing things like paragraphs, hyperlinks, lists,
and headings. It had nothing even remotely approaching tables, frames, or the complex markup we assume is a necessary
part of creating web pages. The general idea was that HTML would be a structural markup language, used to describe the
various parts of a document. There was very little said about how these parts should be displayed. The language wasn't
concerned with appearance. It was just a clean little markup scheme.
Then came Mosaic.
Suddenly, the power of the World Wide Web was obvious to almost anyone who spent more than ten minutes playing
with it. Jumping from one document to another was no harder than pointing the mouse cursor at a specially colored bit of
text, or even an image, and clicking the mouse button. Even better, text and images could be displayed together, and all
you needed to create a page was a plain text editor. It was free, it was open, and it was cool.
Web sites began to spring up everywhere. There were personal journals, university sites, corporate sites, and more. As
number of sites increased, so did the demand for new HTML tags that would allow one effect or another. Authors started
demanding that they be able to make text boldfaced, or italicized.
At the time, HTML wasn't equipped to handle these sorts of desires. You could declare a bit of text to be emphasized, but
that wasn't necessarily the same as being italicized -- it could be boldfaced instead, or even normal text with a different
file:///G|/css/ch01_01.htm (1 of 3) [2/6/2002 10:38:11 ]
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]