C64 Programmer's Reference Guide, C-64 PDF
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COMMODORE
64[
PROGRAMMER1S
REFERENCE GUIDE
Published by
Commodore Business Machines, Inc.
First Edition
Eleventh Printing
-
1984
Copyright
©
1982 by Commodore Business Machines, Inc.
All rights reserved.
This manual is copyrighted and contains proprietary information. No part of this publica
tion may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of
COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES,
Inc.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ix
•
What
'
s Included? .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
. .
x
•
How to Use This Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.. xi
Commodore 64 Applications Guide .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. XII
•
•
Commodore Information Network ....................... xvii
1. BASIC PROGRAMMING RULES
1
2
2
2
4
4
7
8
9
10
10
12
J3
15
16
17
18
18
18
22
24
•
Introduction
....................................... .
•
Screen Display Codes (BASIC Character Set) ............
.
The Operating System (OS) ........................
.
•
Programming Numbers and Variables .................
.
Integer, Floating-Point and String Constants ..........
.
Integer, Floating-Point and String Variables ..........
.
Integer, Floating-Point and String Arrays ............
.
•
Expressions and Operators ...........................
.
Arithmetic Expressions .............................
.
Arithmetic Operations .............................
.
Relational Operators .............................
.
Logical Operators ................................
.
Hierarchy of Operations ...........................
.
String Operations ................................
.
String Expressions ................................
.
•
Programming Techniques ............................
.
Data Conversions .................................
.
Using the INPUT Statement ........................
.
Using the GET Statement ...........................
How to Crunch BASIC Programs ....................
.
2. BASIC LANGUAGE VOCABULARY
.................
.
•
Introduction .......................................
.
29
30
31
35
93
94
•
BASIC Keywords, Abbreviations, and Function Types
•
Description of BASIC Keywords (Alphabetical) ..........
.
•
The Commodore 64 Keyboard and Features ............
.
•
Screen Editor ......................................
.
iii
3. PROGRAMING GRAPHICS ON THE
COMODORE 64
..................................
99
•
Graphics Overview
........
.
.........................
100
Character Display Modes
.....................
.
.....
100
Bit Map Modes
...................................
100
Sprites
..........................................
100
•
Graphics locations
..................................
101
Video Bank Selection
...................
.
..........
101
Screen Memory
.............................
.
.....
102
Color Memory
....................................
103
Character Memory .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
•
Standard Character Mode ............................ 107
Character Definitions
..............................
107
•
Programmable Characters ............................ 108
•
Multi-Color Mode Graphics ........................ .. 115
Multi-Color Mode Bit .............................. 115
•
Extended Background Color Mode ..................... 120
•
Bit Mapped Graphics ................................ 121
Standard High-Resolution Bit Map Mode .............. 122
How It Works .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122
•
Multi-Color Bit Map Mode
...............
..
...........
127
•
Smooth Scrolling
..................................
.
.
128
•
Sprites
............................................
131
Deining a Sprite ................................. 131
Sprite Pointers
..........
.
.........................
133
Turning Sprites On
................................
134
Turning Sprites Off
...............
.
.....
.
..........
135
Colors
....................................
.
......
135
Multi-Color Mode
.................................
135
Setting a Sprite to Multi-Color Mode
.................
136
Expanded Sprites
136
Sprite Positioning ................................. 137
Sprite Positioning Summary
.........................
143
Sprite Display Priorities
............................
144
Collision Detects
..................................
144
•
Other Graphics Features
.............................
150
Screen Blanking
..................................
150
Raster Register
....................................
150
Interrupt Status Register
............................
151
Suggested Screen and Character Color Combinations
...
152
iv
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COMMODORE
64[
PROGRAMMER1S
REFERENCE GUIDE
Published by
Commodore Business Machines, Inc.
First Edition
Eleventh Printing
-
1984
Copyright
©
1982 by Commodore Business Machines, Inc.
All rights reserved.
This manual is copyrighted and contains proprietary information. No part of this publica
tion may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of
COMMODORE BUSINESS MACHINES,
Inc.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ix
•
What
'
s Included? .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
. .
x
•
How to Use This Reference Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
.. xi
Commodore 64 Applications Guide .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. XII
•
•
Commodore Information Network ....................... xvii
1. BASIC PROGRAMMING RULES
1
2
2
2
4
4
7
8
9
10
10
12
J3
15
16
17
18
18
18
22
24
•
Introduction
....................................... .
•
Screen Display Codes (BASIC Character Set) ............
.
The Operating System (OS) ........................
.
•
Programming Numbers and Variables .................
.
Integer, Floating-Point and String Constants ..........
.
Integer, Floating-Point and String Variables ..........
.
Integer, Floating-Point and String Arrays ............
.
•
Expressions and Operators ...........................
.
Arithmetic Expressions .............................
.
Arithmetic Operations .............................
.
Relational Operators .............................
.
Logical Operators ................................
.
Hierarchy of Operations ...........................
.
String Operations ................................
.
String Expressions ................................
.
•
Programming Techniques ............................
.
Data Conversions .................................
.
Using the INPUT Statement ........................
.
Using the GET Statement ...........................
How to Crunch BASIC Programs ....................
.
2. BASIC LANGUAGE VOCABULARY
.................
.
•
Introduction .......................................
.
29
30
31
35
93
94
•
BASIC Keywords, Abbreviations, and Function Types
•
Description of BASIC Keywords (Alphabetical) ..........
.
•
The Commodore 64 Keyboard and Features ............
.
•
Screen Editor ......................................
.
iii
3. PROGRAMING GRAPHICS ON THE
COMODORE 64
..................................
99
•
Graphics Overview
........
.
.........................
100
Character Display Modes
.....................
.
.....
100
Bit Map Modes
...................................
100
Sprites
..........................................
100
•
Graphics locations
..................................
101
Video Bank Selection
...................
.
..........
101
Screen Memory
.............................
.
.....
102
Color Memory
....................................
103
Character Memory .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
•
Standard Character Mode ............................ 107
Character Definitions
..............................
107
•
Programmable Characters ............................ 108
•
Multi-Color Mode Graphics ........................ .. 115
Multi-Color Mode Bit .............................. 115
•
Extended Background Color Mode ..................... 120
•
Bit Mapped Graphics ................................ 121
Standard High-Resolution Bit Map Mode .............. 122
How It Works .
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 122
•
Multi-Color Bit Map Mode
...............
..
...........
127
•
Smooth Scrolling
..................................
.
.
128
•
Sprites
............................................
131
Deining a Sprite ................................. 131
Sprite Pointers
..........
.
.........................
133
Turning Sprites On
................................
134
Turning Sprites Off
...............
.
.....
.
..........
135
Colors
....................................
.
......
135
Multi-Color Mode
.................................
135
Setting a Sprite to Multi-Color Mode
.................
136
Expanded Sprites
136
Sprite Positioning ................................. 137
Sprite Positioning Summary
.........................
143
Sprite Display Priorities
............................
144
Collision Detects
..................................
144
•
Other Graphics Features
.............................
150
Screen Blanking
..................................
150
Raster Register
....................................
150
Interrupt Status Register
............................
151
Suggested Screen and Character Color Combinations
...
152
iv
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