Building Construction and Finishing, Building and Architecture
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Building
Construction & Finishing
Leasson Summary
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Lesson 1
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Lesson 2
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Lesson 3
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Lesson 4
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Lesson 5
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Lesson 6
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Lesson 7
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Lesson 8
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Lesson 9
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Lesson 10
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Lesson 11
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Lesson 12
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Lesson 13
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Lesson 14
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Lesson 15
Lesson 1 Drawings and Specifications
By this time in your career, you have probably worked as an apprentice on various building projects. You probably did
your tasks without thinking much about what it takes to lay out structures so they will conform to their location, size,
shape, and other building features. In this chapter, you will learn how to extract these types of information from
drawings and specifications. You will also be shown how to draw, read, and work from simple shop drawings and
sketches.
1.1
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Learning Objective:
Upon completing this section, you should be able to identify the different types of structural
members.
From the builder’s standpoint, building designs and construction methods depend on many factors. No two building
projects can be treated alike. However, the factors usually considered before a structure is designed are its
geographical location and the availability of construction materials.
It is easy to see why geographical location is important to the design of a structure, especially its main parts. When
located in a temperate zone, for example, the roof of a structure must be sturdy enough not to collapse under the
weight of
Also, the foundation walls have to extend below the frost line to guard against the effects of
freezing and thawing. In the tropics, a structure should have a low-pitch roof and be built on a concrete slab or have
shallow foundation walls.
Likewise, the availability of construction materials can influence the design of a structure. This happens when certain
building materials are scarce in a geographical location and the cost of shipping them is prohibitive. In such a case,
particularly overseas, the structure is likely to be built with materials purchased locally. In turn, this can affect the way
construction materials are used—it means working
DEAD AND LIVE LOADS
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing members. These support and transfer the loads on the structure
while remaining equal to each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints.
The sum total of the load supported by the
at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load
plus the total live load.
The total dead load is the total weight of the structure, which gradually increases as the structure rises and remains
constant once it is completed. The total live load is the total weight of movable objects (such as people, furniture, and
bridge traffic) the structure happens to be supporting at a particular instant.
The live loads in a structure are transmitted through the various load-bearing structural members to the ultimate
support of the earth. Immediate or direct support for the live loads is first provided by horizontal members. The
horizontal members are, in turn, supported by vertical members. Finally, the vertical members are supported by
foundations or footings, which are supported by the earth. Look at figure 2-1, which illustrates both horizontal and
vertical members of a typical light-frame structure. The weight of the roof material is distributed over the top supporting
members and transferred through all joining members to the soil.
Figure 2-1.—Typical light-frame construction.
The ability of the earth to support a load is called its soil-bearing capacity. This varies considerably with different types
of soil. A soil of a given bearing capacity bears a heavier load on a wide foundation or footing than on a narrow one.
VERTICAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
In heavy construction, vertical structural members are high-strength columns. (In large buildings, these arc called
pillars.) Outside wall columns and inside bottom-floor columns usually rest
directly on footings. Outside wall columns usually extend from the footing or foundation to the roof line. Inside bottom-
floor columns extend upward from footings or foundations to the horizontal members, which, in turn, support the first
floor or roof, as shown in figure 2-2. Upper floor columns are usually located directly over lower floor columns.
Figure 2-2.—Typical concrete masonry and steel structure.
In building construction, a pier, sometimes called a short column, rests either directly on a footing, as shown in the
lower center of figure 2-3, or is simply set or driven into the ground. Building piers usually support the lowermost
horizontal structural members.
Figure 2-3.—Exploded view of a typical light-frame house.
In bridge construction, a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.
The chief vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs (see figures 2-1 and 2-3). They are
supported by horizontal members called sills or soleplates, as shown in figure 2-3. Corner posts are enlarged studs
located at the building corners. Formerly, in full-frame construction, a corner post was usually a solid piece of larger
timber. In most modern construction, though, built-up corner posts are used. These consist of various members of
ordinary studs nailed together in various ways.
HORIZONTAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Technically, any horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is
considered a beam. A member fixed at one end only is called a cantilever. Steel members that consist of solid pieces
of regular structural steel are referred to as "structural shapes." A girder (shown in figure 2-2) is a structural shape.
Other prefabricated, open-web, structural-steel shapes are called bar joists (also shown in figure 2-2).
Horizontal structural members that support the ends of floor beams or joists in wood-frame construction are called sills
or girders see figures 2-1 and 2-3). The name used depends on the type of framing and the location of the member in
the structure. Horizontal members that support studs are called soleplates, depending on the type of framing.
Horizontal members that support the wall ends of rafters are called rafter plates. Horizontal members that assume the
weight of concrete or masonry walls above door and window openings are called lintels (figure 2-2).
The horizontal or inclined members that provide support to a roof are called rafters (figure 2-1). The lengthwise (right
angle to the rafters) member, which supports the peak ends of the rafters in a roof, is called the ridge. The ridge may
be called a ridge board, the ridge piece, or the ridge pole. Lengthwise members other than ridges are called purlins. In
wood-frame construction, the wall ends of rafters are supported on horizontal members called rafter plates, which are,
in turn, supported by the outside wall studs. In concrete or masonry wall construction, the wall ends of rafters may be
anchored directly on the walls or on plates bolted to the walls.
A beam of given strength, without intermediate supports below, can support a given load over only a specific
maximum span. When the span is wider than this maximum space, intermediate supports, such as columns, must be
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Building
Construction & Finishing
Leasson Summary
·
Lesson 1
·
Lesson 2
·
Lesson 3
·
Lesson 4
·
Lesson 5
·
Lesson 6
·
Lesson 7
·
Lesson 8
·
Lesson 9
·
Lesson 10
·
Lesson 11
·
Lesson 12
·
Lesson 13
·
Lesson 14
·
Lesson 15
Lesson 1 Drawings and Specifications
By this time in your career, you have probably worked as an apprentice on various building projects. You probably did
your tasks without thinking much about what it takes to lay out structures so they will conform to their location, size,
shape, and other building features. In this chapter, you will learn how to extract these types of information from
drawings and specifications. You will also be shown how to draw, read, and work from simple shop drawings and
sketches.
1.1
DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Learning Objective:
Upon completing this section, you should be able to identify the different types of structural
members.
From the builder’s standpoint, building designs and construction methods depend on many factors. No two building
projects can be treated alike. However, the factors usually considered before a structure is designed are its
geographical location and the availability of construction materials.
It is easy to see why geographical location is important to the design of a structure, especially its main parts. When
located in a temperate zone, for example, the roof of a structure must be sturdy enough not to collapse under the
weight of
Also, the foundation walls have to extend below the frost line to guard against the effects of
freezing and thawing. In the tropics, a structure should have a low-pitch roof and be built on a concrete slab or have
shallow foundation walls.
Likewise, the availability of construction materials can influence the design of a structure. This happens when certain
building materials are scarce in a geographical location and the cost of shipping them is prohibitive. In such a case,
particularly overseas, the structure is likely to be built with materials purchased locally. In turn, this can affect the way
construction materials are used—it means working
DEAD AND LIVE LOADS
The main parts of a structure are the load-bearing members. These support and transfer the loads on the structure
while remaining equal to each other. The places where members are connected to other members are called joints.
The sum total of the load supported by the
at a particular instant is equal to the total dead load
plus the total live load.
The total dead load is the total weight of the structure, which gradually increases as the structure rises and remains
constant once it is completed. The total live load is the total weight of movable objects (such as people, furniture, and
bridge traffic) the structure happens to be supporting at a particular instant.
The live loads in a structure are transmitted through the various load-bearing structural members to the ultimate
support of the earth. Immediate or direct support for the live loads is first provided by horizontal members. The
horizontal members are, in turn, supported by vertical members. Finally, the vertical members are supported by
foundations or footings, which are supported by the earth. Look at figure 2-1, which illustrates both horizontal and
vertical members of a typical light-frame structure. The weight of the roof material is distributed over the top supporting
members and transferred through all joining members to the soil.
Figure 2-1.—Typical light-frame construction.
The ability of the earth to support a load is called its soil-bearing capacity. This varies considerably with different types
of soil. A soil of a given bearing capacity bears a heavier load on a wide foundation or footing than on a narrow one.
VERTICAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
In heavy construction, vertical structural members are high-strength columns. (In large buildings, these arc called
pillars.) Outside wall columns and inside bottom-floor columns usually rest
directly on footings. Outside wall columns usually extend from the footing or foundation to the roof line. Inside bottom-
floor columns extend upward from footings or foundations to the horizontal members, which, in turn, support the first
floor or roof, as shown in figure 2-2. Upper floor columns are usually located directly over lower floor columns.
Figure 2-2.—Typical concrete masonry and steel structure.
In building construction, a pier, sometimes called a short column, rests either directly on a footing, as shown in the
lower center of figure 2-3, or is simply set or driven into the ground. Building piers usually support the lowermost
horizontal structural members.
Figure 2-3.—Exploded view of a typical light-frame house.
In bridge construction, a pier is a vertical member that provides intermediate support for the bridge superstructure.
The chief vertical structural members in light-frame construction are called studs (see figures 2-1 and 2-3). They are
supported by horizontal members called sills or soleplates, as shown in figure 2-3. Corner posts are enlarged studs
located at the building corners. Formerly, in full-frame construction, a corner post was usually a solid piece of larger
timber. In most modern construction, though, built-up corner posts are used. These consist of various members of
ordinary studs nailed together in various ways.
HORIZONTAL STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Technically, any horizontal load-bearing structural member that spans a space and is supported at both ends is
considered a beam. A member fixed at one end only is called a cantilever. Steel members that consist of solid pieces
of regular structural steel are referred to as "structural shapes." A girder (shown in figure 2-2) is a structural shape.
Other prefabricated, open-web, structural-steel shapes are called bar joists (also shown in figure 2-2).
Horizontal structural members that support the ends of floor beams or joists in wood-frame construction are called sills
or girders see figures 2-1 and 2-3). The name used depends on the type of framing and the location of the member in
the structure. Horizontal members that support studs are called soleplates, depending on the type of framing.
Horizontal members that support the wall ends of rafters are called rafter plates. Horizontal members that assume the
weight of concrete or masonry walls above door and window openings are called lintels (figure 2-2).
The horizontal or inclined members that provide support to a roof are called rafters (figure 2-1). The lengthwise (right
angle to the rafters) member, which supports the peak ends of the rafters in a roof, is called the ridge. The ridge may
be called a ridge board, the ridge piece, or the ridge pole. Lengthwise members other than ridges are called purlins. In
wood-frame construction, the wall ends of rafters are supported on horizontal members called rafter plates, which are,
in turn, supported by the outside wall studs. In concrete or masonry wall construction, the wall ends of rafters may be
anchored directly on the walls or on plates bolted to the walls.
A beam of given strength, without intermediate supports below, can support a given load over only a specific
maximum span. When the span is wider than this maximum space, intermediate supports, such as columns, must be
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